Resources
Anderson KO, Green CR, Payne R. Racial and ethnic disparities in pain: causes and consequences of unequal care. J Pain. 2009 Dec; 10 (12): 1187-204.
Badreldin N, Grobman WA, Yee LM. Racial Disparities in Postpartum Pain Management. Obstet Gynecol. 2019; 134 (6): 1147-1153.
Forgiarini M, Gallucci M, Maravita A. Racism and the empathy for pain on our skin. Front Psychol. 2011 May 23; 2: 108.
Green CR, Anderson KO, Baker TA, Campbell LC, Decker S, Fillingim RB, Kalauokalani DA, Lasch KE, Myers C, Tait RC, Todd KH, Vallerand AH. The unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain. Pain Med. 2003 Sep;4(3):277-94. Review. Erratum in: Pain Med. 2005 Jan-Feb; 6 (1): 99. Kaloukalani, Donna A [corrected to Kalauokalani, Donna A].
Groenewald CB, Rabbitts JA, Hansen EE, Palermo TM. Racial differences in opioid prescribing for children in the United States. Pain. 2018 Oct; 159 (10): 2050-2057.
Hoffman KM, Trawalter S, Axt JR, Oliver MN. Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Apr 19; 113 (16): 4296-301.
Mathur VA, Richeson JA, Paice JA, Muzyka M, Chiao JY. Racial bias in pain perception and response: experimental examination of automatic and deliberate processes. J Pain. 2014 May; 15 (5): 476-84.
Meghani SH, Kang Y, Chittams J, McMenamin E, Mao JJ, Fudin J. African Americans with cancer pain are more likely to receive an analgesic with toxic metabolite despite clinical risks: a mediation analysis study. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Sep 1; 32 (25): 2773-9.
Mende-Siedlecki P, Qu-Lee J, Backer R, Van Bavel JJ. Perceptual contributions to racial bias in pain recognition. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2019 May; 148 (5): 863-889.
Mossey JM. Defining racial and ethnic disparities in pain management. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Jul; 469 (7): 1859-70.
Pletcher MJ, Kertesz SG, Kohn MA, Gonzales R. Trends in opioid prescribing by race/ethnicity for patients seeking care in US emergency departments. JAMA. 2008; 299 (1): 70-78.
Singhal A, Tien YY, Hsia RY. Racial-Ethnic Disparities in Opioid Prescriptions at Emergency Department Visits for Conditions Commonly Associated with Prescription Drug Abuse. PLoS One. 2016; 11 (8): e0159224. Published 2016 Aug 8.
Staton LJ, Panda M, Chen I, et al. When race matters: disagreement in pain perception between patients and their physicians in primary care. J Natl Med Assoc. 2007; 99 (5): 532‐538.
Todd KH, Samaroo N, Hoffman JR. Ethnicity as a risk factor for inadequate emergency department analgesia. JAMA. 1993 Mar 24-31; 269 (12): 1537-9.